An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_psychotherapy

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited psychotherapy that was developed in the 1970s and 80s as an outpatient treatment for adults who were diagnosed with moderate or severe non-delusional depression.[1]

It has its roots in the interpersonal theory of psychiatry of Harry Stack Sullivan.

Over the last 30 years, a number of empirical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of IPT in the treatment of depression.[2] Although originally developed as an individual therapy for adults, IPT has been modified for use with adolescents and older adults, bipolar disorder, bulimia, post-partum depression and couples counseling;[3] and although IPT has its roots in psychodynamic theory, it takes its cues from contemporary cognitive behavioral approaches both in that it is time-limited and also in its use of homework, structured interviews and assessment tools.[4]

Interpersonal therapy was first developed as a theoretical placebo for the use in psychotherapy research by Gerald Klerman, et al.

IPT was, however, found to be quite effective in the treatment of several psychological problems.

IPT is based on the belief that psychological problems are due to communication problems, which are formed due to attachment styles.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Jungian Psychotherapy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (IPA: [ˈkarl ˈgʊstaf ˈjʊŋ]) (July 26, 1875, Kesswil – June 6, 1961, Küsnacht) was a Swiss psychiatrist, influential thinker, and founder of analytical psychology.

Jung's unique and broadly influential approach to psychology has emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, world religion and philosophy.

Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician for most of his life, much of his life's work was spent exploring other realms, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts.

His most notable contributions include his concept of the psychological archetype, the collective unconscious, and his theory of synchronicity.

Jung emphasized the importance of balance and harmony.

He cautioned that modern humans rely too heavily on science and logic and would benefit from integrating spirituality and appreciation of the unconscious realm.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Logotherapy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logotherapy

Developed by neurologist and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, Logotherapy is considered the \"third Viennese school of psychotherapy\"[citation needed] after Freud's psychoanalysis and Adler's individual psychology.

It is a type of Existential Analysis that focuses on a \"will to meaning\" as opposed to Adler's Nietzschian doctrine of \"will to power\" or Freud's of \"will to pleasure\".

The following list of tenets represents Frankl's basic beliefs regarding the philosophy of Logotherapy:

*Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones.

*Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life.

*We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or at least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering.

A short introduction to this system is given in Frankl's most famous book, \"Man's Search for Meaning\", in which he outlines how his theories helped him to survive his Holocaust experience and how that experience further developed and reinforced his theories.

The human spirit is referred to in several of the assumptions of Logotherapy, but it should be noted that the use of the term spirit is not \"spiritual\" or \"religious.

\" In Frankl's view, the spirit is the will of the human being. The emphasis, therefore, is on the search for meaning, not the search for God or any other supernatural being. Frankl also noted the barriers to humanity's quest for meaning in life.

He warns against \"...affluence, hedonism, [and] materialism...\" in the search for meaning.

Logotherapy Institute at Vienna University: www.viktorfrankl.org/e/indexe.html & www.viktorfrankl.org/d/indexd.html

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Relationship Counseling/Marriage Counseling: (This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards):

Relationship Counseling/Marriage Counseling: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_counseling

Relationship counseling is the process of counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences and repeating patterns of distress.

The relationship involved may be between members of a family, couples, employees or employers in a workplace, or between a professional and a client.

History:

Relationship counseling as a discrete, professional service is a recent phenomenon.

Until the late 20th century, the work of relationship counseling was informally fulfilled by close friends, family members, or local religious leaders.

Psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors and social workers have historically dealt primarily with individual psychological problems.

In many less technologically advanced cultures around the world today, the institution of family, the village or group elders fulfill the work of relationship counseling.

Today marriage mentoring mirrors those cultures.

With increasing modernization or westernization in many parts of the world and the continuous shift towards isolated nuclear families, the old support structures are no longer there and the need for relationship counseling is greater than ever.

In western society the trend is towards trained relationship counselors; these are often volunteers who wish to help others, and are trained by either the Government or social service institutions to help those who are in need of counseling.

Many communities and government departments have their own team of trained voluntary or professional relationship counselors.

Similar services are operated by many universities and colleges, often staffed by volunteers from among the student peer group.

Some large companies maintain a full-time professional counseling staff to facilitate smoother interactions between corporate employees, to minimize the negative effects that personal difficulties might have on work performance.

(This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards).

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Integrative Milieu model: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_milieu_model

The integrative Milieu Model, developed by Kevin F. McCready, is an alternative treatment regime to the medical model of psychiatry for treating people suffering from psychological distress.

A central part of the anti-psychiatry movement, being a close friend of Peter Breggin and a board member of the International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology, McCready based his model on the idea that human psychological suffering is not caused by a physiological disease or a chemical imbalance, but by a compromise to a person's humanity.

He believed that the biomedical model of psychiatry was a compromise to a person's humanity, stripping its patients from elements he considers to be a necessary and natural part of human life experience.

This model of treatment combined elements from psychodynamic theories, particularly the theories of Carl G. Jung; humanism; and existentialism[1].

The integrative milieu model's approach is one which attempts to create a new community for its participants to interact within.

This community is based on four main ideas:

*The milieu must be a therapeutic container which allows an intensive exploration of the personal and collective psyche.

*It must therefore have a structure which maintains continuity and a sense of security.

*The professionals who work to maintain the structure of the container must be flexible to allow for the expected and the unexpected expression of self which comes in such an environment.

*The integration of all aspects of the human experience must be not only allowed to be expressed and explored, but must be encouraged to be expressed and explored.

*This means that all aspects of humanity must be made part of the integrative milieu, including such things as play, art, music, discussion, and intimacy [2].

*A respect for the human being's sense of self-direction.

All patients within the milieu are expected to behave in a responsible, respectful manner. McCready believed that the expectations which are part of a community's fundamental philosophy play a significant role in the corresponding behavior of those who are part of the community.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness-based_Cognitive_Therapy

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a method of therapy which blends features of two disciplines:

Cognitive therapy aims to identify and alter cognitive distortions (warped or inaccurate thoughts);

Mindfulness is a meditative practice from Buddhism, which aims to help people identify their thoughts, moment by moment, but without passing judgement on the thoughts.

In MBCT, the patient is invited to recognize and accept feelings as they come and go instead of trying to push them away.

Traditional cognitive therapy, or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), focuses on changing negative content of thoughts while MBCT emphasizes the process of paying attention to thoughts and feelings moment by moment and without judgment.

Changing the patient's relationship to the suffering caused by negative thoughts is the key because there is no possible way to alleviate all suffering.

No therapy or meditation will prevent unpleasant things from happening in our daily lives but the two practices combined may provide more objectivity from which to view these unpleasant things.

MBCT's main technique is based on the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) eight week program, developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn in 1979 at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center.

Research shows that MBSR is enormously empowering for patients with chronic pain, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as for psychological problems such as anxiety and panic.

People often misunderstand the goal of therapy and especially mindfulness.

Relaxation and happiness are not the aim, but rather a \"freedom from the tendency to get drawn into automatic reactions to thoughts, feelings, and events\" .[1]

Patients change the relationship to chronic pain so the pain becomes more manageable.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy grew largely from Jon Kabat-Zinn's work. Zindel V. Segal, J. Mark G. Williams and John D. Teasdale helped adapt the MBSR program so it could be used with people who had suffered repeated bouts of depression in their lives. Currently, MBCT programs usually consist of eight-weekly two hour classes with weekly assignments to be done outside of session.

The aim of this program is to enhance awareness so we are able to respond to things instead of react to them. \"We can respond to situations with choice rather than reacting automatically.

We do that by practicing to become more aware of where our attention is, and deliberately changing the focus of attention, over and over again\".[2]

The structure of MBCT requires strong commitment and work on the clients' part but the rewards can be lasting.

Patients participating in the program meet as a group on a weekly basis.

The Mindful Way Through Depression is used as the patient manual for the program and contains guided Mindfulness practices on CD that are assigned as homework.[3]

Effectiveness of MBCT: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness-based_...ffectiveness_of_MBCT

Research is now showing the effectiveness of mindfulness in the prevention of relapse.

The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has recently endorsed MBCT as an effective treatment for prevention of relapse.

Research has shown that people who have been clinically depressed three or more times (sometimes for twenty years or more) find that taking the program and learning these skills helps to reduce considerably their chances that depression will return.

In a study conducted with 145 participants, all the patients had previously recovered from depression and then relapsed. These sufferers were split randomly into groups providing different methods of treatment.

Within a year, patients who were undergoing MBCT \"reduced relapse from 66% (control group) to 37% (treatment group)\".[4]

\"Whereas most people might be able to ignore sad mood, in previously depressed persons a slight lowering of mood might bring about a potentially devastating change in thought patterns\".[5]

The core skill of MBCT is to teach the ideas of recognizing these thought patterns in order to break away from the false constructs of our mind.

Relapse is avoided because the onset of depression is recognized before it has fully developed.

The vicious cycle is stopped before it even gets started.

More Information On: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): www.gla.ac.uk/departments/generalpractic...indfulnessreport.PDF & www.feebly.org/Mindfulness-based_Cogniti...apy/encyclopedia.htm