An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): (This article is not about the academic discipline of neurolinguistics which investigates the brain mechanisms underlying language. There is also a disambiguation page for other uses of the NLP acronym including Natural Language Processing):

Neuro-linguistic programming: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is an interpersonal communications model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy[1] based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change.

It was co-founded by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder in the 1970s as a method of personal change and communications.

The focus was pragmatic, modeling three successful psychotherapists, Virginia Satir, Milton Erickson and Fritz Perls.

The theoretical foundations borrow from work related to the these models and disciplines related to communication and the mind, including psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, and occupational therapy.

Today, variants and applications of NLP are often found in seminars, workshops, books and audio programs in the form of exercises and principles intended to influence change in self and others.

The field of NLP is loosely spread and resistant to a single comprehensive definition.

There is also a great deal of difference between the depth and breadth of training and standards.

An important assumption of NLP is that emotion, thought and behavior consists of, and is influenced by, how the sensory-specific modalities (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, gustatory) are organized and give rise to consciousness.[3]

Further, the mode and limits to the underlying mental representations is revealed by unconscious choice of words, sensory-specific predicates (eg. visual language) and non-verbal cues (such as intonation; gesture; posture; facial expression and eye movements).

A basic method in NLP involves asking specifying questions to help clarify the intended message in communication.

It seeks to recover what has been left out and to reframe faulty thinking when the communication is distorted or over-generalised.

These meta-model questions are often combined with suggestions for personal growth and potential.[4] Another technique seeks to alter sensory-specific submodalities (eg. brightness, size or location of visual imagery or sensory representations) to affect the intensity of mental states and affect changes in behavior.

A classic format has people anchor resourceful mind-body states (eg. creativity, confidence, etc.) to make them available in situations where a person wants to act differently.

Generally, the intent of NLP is to increase choice in the underlying representations so that the individual has more choice and flexibility in the world.

In the early 1980s, NLP was heralded as an important advance in psychotherapy and counseling.[5]

It attracted significant interest from researchers and practitioners in the profession.

Reviews of research in counseling psychology[6] and by the National Research Council (NRC) committee[7] found little empirical basis for NLP assumptions or effectiveness. The NRC committee[7] were impressed, however, with NLP modeling as an approach to expert modeling and it inspired further research by the NRC in that area.[8]

Most counseling psychology studies focused on the claim that careful tracking eye movements and matching sensory predicates improves rapport and influence in the client-counselor relationship.[6] This lead some evidence-based clinicians and researchers to label NLP as a New Age[9] or pseudoscientific[10] form of psychotherapy.

Some argued that researchers did not have adequate training in, or understanding of, the complexities of NLP and the research had numerous methodological errors.[11]

The general lack of support in literature reviews marked a decrease in research interest, especially for matching sensory predicates to enhance the client-counselor relationship.[12]

Subsequent peer-reviewed research has been sporadic and spread across multiple disciplines.

The majority of information on NLP has been published in books, multimedia products, and via workshops not subject to the rigor of peer-reviewed journals.

Nevertheless, NLP remains widely supported by its practitioners in the field and has influenced other forms of brief[13] and eclectic[14] interventions.

(This article is not about the academic discipline of neurolinguistics which investigates the brain mechanisms underlying language. There is also a disambiguation page for other uses of the NLP acronym including Natural Language Processing).

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Nonviolent Communication (NVC): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_Communication

Nonviolent Communication (NVC) is a process developed by Marshall Rosenberg and others which people use to communicate with greater compassion and clarity.

It focuses on two things: empathy — listening with deep compassion, and honest self-expression — exposing what matters to oneself in a way that's likely to inspire compassion in others.

Formal NVC self-expression includes four elements: observations (distinguished from interpretations/evaluations), feelings (emotions separate from thoughts), needs (deep motives) and requests (clear, present, doable and without demand).

Those who use Nonviolent Communication (also called \"Compassionate Communication\") describe all actions as motivated by an attempt to get human needs met. However, in meeting those needs, they seek to avoid the use of fear, guilt, shame, blame, coercion or threats.

The ideal of NVC is to get one's own needs met while also meeting others' needs.

A key principle of Nonviolent Communication that supports this is the capacity to express oneself without use of good/bad, right/wrong judgment, hence the emphasis on expressing feelings and needs, instead of criticisms or judgments.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Object Relations Theory: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Relations

In Psychodynamics, Object relations theory is the idea that the ego-self exists only in relation to other objects, which may be external or internal.

The internal objects are internalized versions of external objects, primarily formed from early interactions with the parents.

There are three fundamental \"affects\" that can exist between the self and the other - attachment, frustration, and rejection.

These affects are universal emotional states that are major building blocks of the personality.

Object relations theory was pioneered in the 1940s and 50's by British psychologists Ronald Fairbairn, D.W. Winnicott, Harry Guntrip, and others.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Orgonomy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgonomy

Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897 – November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.

Reich was a respected analyst for much of his life, focusing on character structure, rather than on individual neurotic symptoms.

He promoted adolescent sexuality, the availability of contraceptives and abortion, and the importance for women of economic independence.

Reich's work influenced thinkers such as Alexander Lowen, Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, Saul Bellow, Norman Mailer, A. S. Neill and William Burroughs.

He had a demonstrated ability to synthesize material from psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology, economics, sociology, and ethics.[1][2][3][4][5]

Reich became a controversial figure for his studies on the link between human sexuality and neuroses, emphasizing \"orgastic potency\" as the foremost criterion for psycho-physical health.

He said he had discovered a form of energy that permeated the atmosphere and all living matter, which he called \"orgone.

\" He built boxes called \"orgone accumulators\", which patients could sit inside, and which were intended to harness the energy for what he believed were its health benefits.

It was this work, in particular, that cemented the rift between Reich and the psychiatric establishment.[2][6][7]

Reich, of Jewish descent and formerly a Communist, was living in Germany when Adolf Hitler came to power.

He fled to Norway in 1934 and subsequently to the United States in 1939.

In 1947, following a series of critical articles about orgone in The New Republic and Harper's, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began an investigation into his claims, and won an injunction against the interstate sale of orgone accumulators.

Charged with contempt of court for violating the injunction, Reich conducted his own defense, which involved sending the judge all his books to read.

He was sentenced to two years in prison, and in August 1956, several tons of his publications were burned by the FDA.

He died of heart failure in jail just over a year later, days before he was due to apply for parole.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent-Child_Inter...n_Therapy_%28PCIT%29

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a form of psychotherapy for children ages 2-7 and their caregivers.

It uses a unique combination of behavioral therapy, play therapy, and parent training to teach more effective discipline techniques and improve the parent-child relationship.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Pastoral Counseling: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_counseling

Pastoral Counseling is a branch of counseling in which ordained ministers, rabbis, priests and others provide therapy services.

Practitioners in the United States are subject to the standards of the American Association of Pastoral Counseling and many are either licensed as a LPC or LMFT as well.

Most state laws require pastoral counselors to have secular counseling licenses in order to provide mental health services or therapy.

Insurance companies often will not pay for pastoral counseling of counselors without state licensing.

It is often synonymous with pastoral care.